In normal operation, the secondary winding of the CT must remain closed through a burden circuit, or short circuit. The leads of the secondary winding may only be opened during an inter-turn over voltage test. The test current at system frequency in the primary winding must be no more than the rated current, and the peak induced voltage between the leads of the secondary winding must be no more than 4.5 kV for 60 sec. The voltage may be measured and recorded by a high impedance measurement device connected to the leads of the secondary winding.
In the event of the CT’s secondary winding circuit being opened, due to a protection relay failure or any other reason, a no-load condition exists on the secondary winding circuit. As a result, the CT behaves like a current generator connected to a high impedance load, or open circuit. Consequently, the CT behaves like an ignition coil, producing extremely high voltages. This is a hazard that, in rare circumstances, has resulted in fatalities.
Partial discharge is most likely to occur in the oil insulation between the secondary winding leads, between these leads and the tank, and in one of the bushings between the turns on the winding. The level of partial discharge is dependent on the amplitude of the induced voltage.
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Causes of Transformer Failure
Causes of Transformer Failure:
Causes of Transformer Failure
➢ Over Heating:
1. Over load
2. Poor cooling
3. Core heating due to eddy current.
➢ Mechanical forces:
1. Mechanical force due flow of through fault currents.(3Ф, Ф-Ф, 1Ф)
1. Transportation
2. Earthquake, storm etc.
➢ Insulation Failure:
3. Aging
4. Lack of maintenance
5. Manufacturing defect.
GENERATOR PROTECTION
GENERATOR PROTECTION:
The generator protection system design should take into account the types of faults and abnormal operating conditions that could be present at the generating plant and provide means for detecting and acting upon these conditions. The protection system design will depend on the size of the generating unit.
These fault types and disturbance conditions are classified as:
Overload protection, and Overcurrent (short-circuit) problems
Stator electrical faults
Rotor electrical faults
Failure of prime mover (mechanical problems)
Failure of the field circuit
Hence we must protect the generator against the effect of these faults and abnormalities using the following protection schemes:
Overload protection, and Overcurrent protection
Overvoltage and undervoltage protection
Overexcitation
Unbalanced loading (Currents ) –sequence relay
Loss of Excitation
Loss of synchronism
Phase Faults
Earth Faults
Abnormal Frequencies
Motoring
Overspeeding
Excessive vibration
Internal faults,
Stator and rotor thermal protection, and
Field ground.
Monday, May 24, 2021
Current transformer (CT) can cause serious damage
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